chest voice  Heavy registration with excessive resonance in the lower formants coloratura  In common usage, refers to the highest of the female voices, with a range encompassing G below middle C to G above high C.  May use more whistle tome than other female voices.  In fact, coloratura actually refers to a style of florid, agile, complex singing that may apply to any voice classification.  For example, the bass runs in Handel’s Messiah require coloratura technique condyle a knob on each side of the mandible, which articulates with a socket in the skull contact ulcer  A lesion most commonly on the vocal processes or medial surfaces of the arytenoids. Caused most commonly by gastro esophageal reflux laryngitis and/or muscular tension dysphonia

contralto  The female voice type whose range extends from D3 below middle C to B flat below high C conus elasticus Fibroelastic membrane extending from the vocal folds to the cricoid cartilage.  Also called the cricovocal ligament.  Composed primarily of yellow elastic tissue.  Anteriorly, it attaches to the minor aspect of the thyroid cartilage.  Posteriorly, it attaches to the vocal process of the arytenoids countertenor  Male voice that is primarily falsetto, singing in the contralto range.  Most countertenors are also able to sing in the baritone or tenor range.  Countertenors are also know as contraltino or contratenor cricoid cartilage  A solid ring of cartilage located below and behind the thyroid cartilage